Author’s note, February 2023
This article was originally written in October 2020, before the car market fluctuations caused by COVID-related supply chain issues. As such, I’m including a 2023 update below, based on more recent data:
Let’s get right into the results.
The lifetime per-mile cost of an average new car in 2023, over the entire life of the car is 47.4 cents per mile.
…and for a used car in 2023, over the remaining life of the car, it’s 47.5 cents per mile.
First, these results are remarkably similar to one another. In other words, used cars are priced efficiently. Granted, the used car market contains much more variance. That is, much more opportunity for great deals and terrible deals.
Next, these cost-per-mile results are only slightly higher than the 2020 results of 45 cents per mile. That’s surprising to me, considering new car prices are up ~20% and used car prices are up ~35% in that time.
The explanation, I believe, is that you can’t have high used car prices and high depreciation. High used car prices necessitate that cars are not depreciating as much as they once were. The data supports this. Depreciation costs are much lower now than they were in 2020.
Finally, the cost of an average leased car in 2023 is 68.1 cents per mile.
(I picked 4 vehicles that, when new, would cost between $40,000 and $45,000. That’s close to the average new car cost of $43,000. Then I calculated the cost of leasing those cars over 3-year terms, with a mileage limit that would permit the average annual driving distance of 13,500 miles).
This leasing cost is up 35% from 2020, when the leasing cost was 50.6 cents per mile. My gut feeling is that with both new and used cars up so much in price, car dealers have hiked monthly leasing costs accordingly. The monthly lease accounts for 65-70% of the total leasing cost.
Leasing in 2023 is ~45% more expensive than buying new or buying used. In 2020, the leasing premium was only 11%. That’s a big change, and might be a reason for leasees to consider a different option. Granted, rolling one lease into another means you’re always driving a new-ish car. Perhaps that’s worth it?
Now, some important reminders:
- “Average” isn’t the most useful when there’s such a wide variance. The cost-per-mile of a souped-up Ford F350 is likely 5x the cost of a used 2006 Honda Civic. Each make and model has its own unique costs. This is a perfect parallel to the famous story of jet cockpits and the “end of average.”
- …not to mention, cars age differently. Traveling salespeople drive 40,000 miles a year. Grandma drives 4,000. The cost-per-mile metric does its best to capture the effects of time (e.g. rust, decay, annual costs) and distance (e.g. gas, oil changes, new tires), and sometimes both. But it’s an imperfect metric.
- Finally, there are “lies, damn lies, and statistics.” If you Google “how do cars depreciate over time?” you’ll get 20 answers from 20 sources. I did my best to aggregate responses from automotive specialists, and average across multiple sources when appropriate.
And now, here’s the original October 2020 article…the hard data from here on is, quite honestly, not useful. It’s old. But the process for turning that data into results (e.g. “how do you define an average cost per mile?”) is the same, and is the heart of this analysis.
Should I sink more money into this rusty piece of junk? Or just get a new car? Every car owner faces this question–and many others!—and must understand the true cost of car ownership to find the answer.
This article pulls data from automobile aggregation sites and government agencies to bring you a complete understanding of the cost of car ownership. It presents a comprehensive answer to “how much does a car cost?” using a cost per mile metric for easy comparison.
You’ll walk away today being able to answer questions like:
- How should I compare time owned vs. miles driven?
- What’s the full-life true cost of owning a car?
- How much does a car’s value depreciate over time?
- How do I place value on the utility of my car (e.g. a work truck vs. a compact sedan)?
- When is a used car purchase smarter than a new car?
- How does leasing compare to owning?
- Should I sink more money into an old beater? Or just get a new car?
How to Compare Car Costs?
One of the challenges in finding the cost of car ownership is that certain car expenses compare like apples and oranges. As you read through today’s article, make sure you understand the assumptions I make and how those assumptions affect the final verdicts.
How can we judge a grandma who drives to the grocery store once per week against the commuter who drive 100 miles a day? Those are two completely different use cases.
Similarly, how do we compare costs per mile (like gasoline costs and oil changes) against costs per time (like yearly registration and inspection)?
Thankfully, we have a lot of data to help answer these questions, and below are some useful conclusions that enable a single, consistent cost metric.
How Long Do People Own Their Car For?
The period of ownership is a key question to answer in this analysis.
50 years ago, the answer was around 12 years per vehicle. But with better market competition leading to better engineering, the average lifetime of cars today is around 15 years. (source)
Of course, this ties back to our previous comparison. Do we care more about the duration of car ownership or the distance that the vehicle has driven? The answer is both. Some expenses are tied to duration. Others to distance.
How Far Do People Drive?
Understanding the average distance a car travels is another key variable for today’s analysis. Thankfully, we have a significant pool of data from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration.
The FHWA states that the average U.S. driver travels around 13,500 miles per year.
If we combine this yearly mileage statistic with the typical lifetime duration from above, we can calculate another important stat. The average car will travel approximately 13,500 miles per year for 15 years, totaling 202,500 total miles in its lifetime.
This aligns closely with AARP’s longevity estimate of 200,000 miles.
Some cars will go further, others not as far. And we’re also making a benign assumption that the yearly mileage of 13,500 and lifetime of 15 years are stable statistics.
202,500 total miles is a reasonable estimate for today’s discussion, and we’ll be using it throughout. Similarly, we’ll be using the conversion of 13,500 per year to convert all metrics into dollars per mile. That’s the metric of merit.
Breaking Down the Cost of Car Ownership
There are six significant costs when it comes to car ownership.
- Purchase/Depreciation cost
- Financing
- Maintenance and Repair
- Fuel
- Registration/Inspection
- Insurance
Let’s break them down one by one.
Depreciation Costs
There are two ways to address the purchase cost of a car.
The first is to assume that the total base price of a car get spread like peanut butter over the entire life of a car. A $30,000 car that lives for 202,500 miles would cost 30,000/202,500 = 14.8 cents per mile of initial costs.
But the second way to address the purchase cost of the car is via depreciation. I think this method tells a more complete story.
Rather than spreading the cost evenly like peanut butter, the depreciation method examines the year-by-year decrease in a car’s resale value. This argument assumes that a car is an asset insofar as it has a resale value.
On average, a new car depreciates by 11% the minute you drive it off the lot. It then depreciates by another 10% of the original value per year for the first five years (source).
For the average 15-year lifespan we’ve established today, the car would have to depreciate another 3.5% of its original value per year for the remaining six years to reach an eventual value of $1200 (e.g., the value of the car as scrap metal). An example of this depreciation is shown below.
Year 1 sees 21% depreciation of the $30,000 value, or $6,300 of depreciation. If that is spread out over 13,500 of annual driving, that’s 47 cents per mile! Much higher than the previous estimate of 14.8 cents per mile.
But if we look out at Year 10, we see a depreciation of $1050 over 13,500 miles, or 7.8 cents per mile. Depreciation hurts much more early in a car’s life.
Financing
Note: I did not include financing in the original version of the article, but reader Ed B. convinced me too. Thanks Ed!
Financing is expensive! Depending on the duration and interest rate of your loan, you might be paying more than 10 cents per mile in financing costs. Avoid financing if you can!
Here are three different financing scenarios. You should be able to scale these data to your specific needs.
I do not include these numbers in my grand total below. Add them in there if you wish!
Maintenance and Repair
New tires, oil changes, or even new windshield wiper blades. Maintenance and repair are a drag on your wallet. And similar to depreciation, maintenance and repair costs change significantly over the life of a car.
First, most new cars come with a bumper-to-bumper warranty, covering most maintenance and repair. That typically lasts for 36,000 miles or about 2.7 years in today’s analysis.
But these warranties typically exclude basic maintenance like oil changes. That’s why some people consider purchasing an extended car warranty to allow more cushion for unexpected repairs and maintenance.
So for the first 36,000 miles, the maintenance costs are minimal. Let’s assume $40 per oil change (every 5,000 miles in most cars) and another $50 per year to cover random odds and ends (e.g., new wiper blades). That adds up to about 1.2 cents per mile. But what about after those first few years?
Thankfully, the website Your Mechanic has a treasure trove of useful data on car repair frequencies over their lifetime. The data below shows their data converted to dollars per mile, including the initial low maintenance costs during the car’s warranty phase.
An old car costs more than twice as much as a new car (~21 cents per mile vs. 8 cents per mile). In general, maintenance and repair costs can be expected to increase linearly after the initial warranty period.
Fuel
According to the EPA, the average modern car gets 25.1 miles per gallon of gas. As of this writing, the average national gasoline cost is $2.16 per gallon. But we all know how gas prices can fluctuate. For the sake of round numbers, I’m going to use $2.50 per gallon of gas.
The math is now easy. If we drive 25.1 miles for every $2.50 we spend, then the average price of gas is 10 cents per mile.
We are also going to make the benign assumption that gas mileage does not change over a car’s life.
Registration and Inspection
Registration and Inspection are two expenses that don’t necessarily apply in all states. Each state has its own rules—some flat rate, weight-based, value-based, or even age-based.
I’m going to use the average of all costs and suggest you look up your own state’s costs.
The average cost of registration is $54 per year, or 0.4 cents per mile.
Only about 2/3 of states require car inspections. In New York, for example, an inspection typically only costs $20 per year or 0.15 cents per mile.
Insurance
I surveyed a few different sources on the first few pages of Google. They all report the average yearly cost of full coverage car insurance in the $1300-$1600 range and minimum coverage in the $300-$700 range.
For the sake of today’s analysis, I’m going to assume a middle-of-the-road (get it?) insurance package at $1000 per year, or $1000/13,500 miles = 7.4 cents per mile.
But do insurance rates change as a car ages? Yes! Car insurance rates drop by ~3.4% for every year your car ages. This is likely tied to depreciation. It’s cheaper to replace an old car than a new car, and insurance companies account for that.
So our insurance costs will look like this.
Grand Total Cost of Car Ownership
The total cost of owning and operating the average car falls between 35 cents per mile and 65 cents per mile over the lifetime of the car.
But the total plot is a little funky looking. Why the zigzags? Thankfully, the subplots illuminate where that funk comes from.
Initial driving costs are quite expensive due to the rapid depreciation of the vehicle. As the rate of depreciation stabilizes in Year 2, so do the driving costs. That is until the warranty expires—this causes the cost of driving to notch up.
Slow increasing maintenance and repair costs can then be seen in Years 3 through 6. Another notch occurs when the rate of depreciation decreases yet again. Years 6 through 15 are then marked by a slowly increasing maintenance cost and a slowly decreasing insurance cost.
P.S.—do you have maintenance, insurance, and fuel covered in your budget?
The Total Cost to Drive a $30,000 car is…
You math nerds might recognize that we can integrate the total dollars-per-mile plot over the life of the car to solve for the total cost of car ownership. For quick review, remember a few of our assumptions:
- The car costs $30,000 up front.
- We assumed an average life of 15 years and 202,500 miles.
- We assumed average depreciation and average expenses based on accredited data sources.
The total cost of car ownership is $91,200 over this average 15-year and 202,500-mile life, averaging 45.0 cents per mile.
Enjoying this article? Subscribe below to get new articles emailed straight to your inbox
The U.S. Government’s Thoughts on Cost of Car Ownership
Our estimate—45 cents per mile—lines up reasonably well with what the U.S. government thinks. The current mileage reimbursement rate in 2020 is 57.5 cents per mile. This suggests two useful conclusions.
First, it suggests that today’s analysis has some merit. Perhaps my estimates are a bit low, or perhaps the U.S. mileage reimbursement rate is meant to cover average cars and more expensive cars.
And second, it suggests that you should not consider mileage reimbursement as any sort of “free money.” The reimbursement rate is closely matched with the cost of car ownership—especially if you drive a vehicle with a higher sticker price or poor gas mileage.
Instead, think of mileage reimbursement as you would a tax refund. You’re getting what’s owed to you.
Cost of Car Ownership vs. Cost of Flying
We’ve established that driving is far from free. How does it compare to flying?
My home in Rochester is 400 miles from Boston and 330 miles from New York City. If I were to drive there (in non-COVID times), those round trips of 800 miles and 660 miles would cost me about $360 and $297, respectively, in car costs.
They also take ~12 hours and ~10 hours, respectively. We should also place a value on our time.
A $200 round-trip flight makes a lot more sense. Plus it saves you half a day in car.
But My Car Isn’t Average!
Ever heard of this? When you design for average, you design for no one.
Let me present one more useful plot. Below, I’ve mapped out costs for three Ford cars: the economy-class Fiesta, the “average” Edge, and an F-250 truck with all the trappings.
The sticker prices on these three cars are $15,300 for the Fiesta, $30,000 for the Edge, and $59,000 for the F-250.
The Fiesta gets 36 miles per gallon, the Edge gets 26 m.p.g., and the F-250 about 16 m.p.g.
For the sake of building a true range, I assumed the Fiesta owner would get minimal insurance and forgo repairs when possible. I assumed the F-250 owner would get maximum insurance and spare no expense on caring for the truck.
This method doesn’t cover every possibility, but provides a better range of potential costs than the previous average analysis.
The Fiesta costs an average of 27.2 cents per mile. The Edge is basically average at 44.9 cents per mile. And the F-250 costs 80.6 cents per mile.
Over a 200,000 mile life, the Fiesta will cost $54,400 against the F-250’s $161,200.
But an F-250 can do many things that a Fiesta can’t. How do we monetize that factor? See “The Need For Utility” below.
But first, let’s look at electric vehicles.
The Cost of Owning an Electric Vehicle
For this plot, I looked at a Tesla Model 3
- $38,000 sticker price, plus $2,000 to buy and install a home charging kit.
- Registration and insurance the same as a normal vehicle
- Fuel—this is an important one. Based on some quick Google searches and average U.S. electricity costs, a Model 3’s “fuel” cost is about 3 cents per mile. Nice!
- And maintenance of electric vehicles costs about 75% of their gas counterparts.
In the early years, the Tesla Model 3 is about ~8% more expensive than the average gas-powered car. The cheaper fuel does not make up for the higher sticker price.
But then, over time, the cheaper fuel and cheaper maintenance start making a significant difference. Whereas the average gas-powered car costs ~40 cents per mile in its later life, the Tesla Model 3 only costs about ~30 cents per mile. And that’s significant!
While the total cost of the average gas-powered car is 45 cents per mile, the average cost of the Tesla Model 3 is 37 cents per mile.
Maybe that explains Tesla’s stock price?! 🙂
The Cheapest Car in America?
The following was written by Profit Greenly and published with that site’s permission.
In 2021 the Mitsubishi Mirage is likely the cheapest new car for sale in America, though the Chevy Spark may sometimes edge it out. You can find it for around $11k—which is a seriously good deal.
But there may be another even cheaper car if you look hard.
With a $38,000 MSRP, the Chevy Bolt does not seem like a cheap car, but Chevy has been selling them in the mid-20K’s for over a year now. After the reveal of the new 2022 model, many dealerships have marked their older 2020s down below $20,000!
This is still $9K more than a Mirage, but when you consider fuel and maintenance, things tip in the Bolt’s favor. As noted above, Consumer Reports found that EVs had 75% lower maintenance costs than gas cars, but that was based largely on data from luxury Teslas and poorly-made 1st-generation Leafs.
They admit “current-generation EVs may be more reliable than many of the vehicles shown in the results,” and this is likely true for the Bolt.
The Bolt’s maintenance schedule is a hilariously scant three lines, one of which doesn’t need to be done until 150,000 miles. The only maintenance most Bolts need is rotating tires, replacing the air filter and wiper fluid, and occasionally the 12V battery.
A small number need to replace their brakes, but this is generally due their brake calipers never actually cleaning the rotors off because their drivers use regeneration to stop 100% of the time. This can allow rust to build up and ruin the brakes. Bolt owners who do a good friction braking stop every month or so don’t have this issue.
Conversely, the service schedule of the Mirage lists over 20 items, and Repair Pal estimates an average of $457 spent on maintenance each year. That’s $6,855 over the 15-year life of the car.
The Bolt is too new to fully estimate its repair costs, but under $1K seems pretty likely so assume $6K in maintenance savings over the life of the car.
That means the Mirage still has a $3K lead, but what about fuel? The Mirage is rated at a combined 39 MPG, which means it’ll burn 5,128 gallons of gas over its 200,000 mile life. If that gas costs $2.50 that will total to $12,820.
The Bolt on the other hand runs on electricity. The price of this varies widely based on where you live, but the average across the US was 12.8 cents per kWh in 2020.
In a state like Texas you can actually get a power plan with free nights and weekends and charge your EV for free then. This isn’t an option in most states, but solar panels are.
Installing solar panels on an unshaded roof can lock in a power price of around 7 cents per kWh over the life of the Bolt (less if you DIY the installation).
A Bolt is rated at 259 miles of range from its 66 kWh pack, so it’ll use 50,965 kWh over 200,000 miles. At the 12.8 cent US average this costs $6,523, a $6,300 savings vs. the Mirage’s gas. Combine this with the $6k in maintenance savings and the net price of a Bolt is actually $3K lower than the Mirage!
If you installed solar and pay only 7 cents per kWh a Bolt’s fuel costs drop to $3567 making the Bolt $6K cheaper in total. If you manage to find a free nights plan the Bolt could cost just $21K total over its life compared to over $30K for the Mirage.
And these lower total prices get you a car with more interior space and a 200 horsepower motor that achieves 60 MPH in 6.3 seconds vs. the punishingly slow 12 seconds for the Mirage’s puny 76 HP motor.
There are a few caveats to the Bolt winning.
First, fossil fuel interests have lobbied a number of states into passing annual EV fees. These range from $50 to $225 per year, adding $750 to $3,375 to the price of a Bolt over its 15-year life. It’d be better if states just adopted a road damage fee, but I expect they’ll just keep caving to big money lobbying and pass more EV-specific fees.
Second, one must realize that charging a Bolt on a road trip is both slow and expensive. The fastest the Bolt can charge is 90 miles in 30 minutes, and this is only under good conditions at modern chargers. Fast charging like this can also cost far more than at home, up to 41 cents per kWh.
You can certainly still drive a Bolt long distances. But if you want to go over 500 miles per day, I think the best bet is to rent another car for the trip (maybe a Tesla that can charge 5 times as fast).
We also haven’t talked about the value of keeping money in the bank. If you keep the $9K you save buying a Mirage instead of a Bolt invested it can earn over $500/year. That will compound and close the gap between which car is truly the cheapest.
One way around this though is to find a low lease price for a Bolt. Right now a dealer in San Francisco is leasing Bolts for $19.95/month. I’m normally against leasing—and with this deal we must factor in the $2K down payment—but getting a car for just a few bucks more than a Netflix subscription is a hard deal to beat.
-Profit Greenly
Thanks Profit Greenly. Maybe I’ll go get one of those $20 Bolts! What a deal!
The Need For “Utility”
Every driver will use their vehicles in their own way. This idea—each driver’s unique utility—is a difficult cost/benefit analysis to quantify. But it’s worth discussing. Here’s an example:
How much value should a family of six place on a mini-van over a small sedan? The sedan is cheaper but cannot fit the entire family. The mini-van enables family trips and makes logistics simpler. There’s some monetary value that should get placed on that, but how do we find that value? (I think I’ve found a way, discussed in the next section.)
Utility is a sliding scale. Let’s consider the family of six once again. They might need to full seating of their mini-van on a weekly basis. It’s a constant need. Similarly, a carpenter or contractor might need to utility of a pick-up truck for their daily work. But how often does a Jeep Wrangler owner require the utility of trekking across the savannah?
I’m cherry-picking a bit. People don’t buy Jeep Wranglers only to take them off-road. But the frequency of utility of a vehicle is an important consideration.
Does it make sense to own a $40,000 vehicle where a $20,000 vehicle fulfills the same utility—e.g., only commuting to work? Of course not.
But does it make sense to purchase a $40,000 vehicle because it fulfills a daily utility that a $20,000 vehicle simply cannot fulfill? That’s worth investigating.
Defining Utility Using “Value Over Replacement Car” (VORC)
There’s a new-age sports statistic called value over replacement player, or VORP. In short, VORP objectively defines how good a player is compared to a replacement player of “freely available talent” level.
For example: if Lebron wasn’t on the Lakers, they’d have to go hire the next best player not already on an NBA roster. How much better is Lebron than that guy? The answer is Lebron’s VORP.
Similarly, I think we can define a value over replacement car, or VORC, to define how good (or bad) our vehicles’ utility is. Let me give it a try.
Jimmy’s Truck
Jimmy owns a truck that costs him $850 per month (per AAA) to operate. At 76 cents a mile, this lines up well with the F-250 analysis from above.
Jimmy needs the truck for the utility of towing his camper. He loves camping and takes ten single-weekend trips per year. But are ten weekends of utility worth owning a truck for? What is Jimmy’s replacement scenario? What’s the “freely available talent?”
One possible answer: Jimmy could buy the best value car for his day-to-day commuting needs and then rent a truck when he needs to tow his camper. By my estimation, Jimmy could get a Fiesta for about $300 per month. That would save him $550 per month, or $6600 per year.
But then Jimmy would need to replace the utility of his truck. How? There’s “free available talent” out there precisely for this need: rental trucks.
A three-day truck rental for Jimmy’s camping trips would cost about $400 per trip. Over 10 annual trips, this could cost Jimmy from $4000. Compared to his annual Fiesta savings of $6600, it seems Jimmy could net $2600 of savings per year.
Is the hassle of the rentals worth $2600 of savings per year? That’s a subjective question for Jimmy.
Are there other factors I’m not considering? Probably. How about trips to the hardware store? A truck bed is a nice luxury for hauling lumber.
But at first blush, I’d say Jimmy’s truck has a negative VORC (at least on the axis of utility). There is a significantly cheaper option that would provide Jimmy with the same exact utility.
When is a Used Car Smarter Than a New Car?
When is a used car smarter than a new car? Lots of people have pondered this question—with some good attempts at an answer. The total cost plot that we’ve established today makes it quite easy to answer. Thankfully, used cars are more trustworthy than they used to be.
To keep variables consistent, I’m going to look at a Subaru Outback. With a couple non-basic features, a new Outback sells for $30,000. That’s the average price tag we used earlier. But now we want to see if buying used is a better than buying new.
A Real-Life Average Car
I found a used 2018 Subaru Outback with 40,500 miles—or 3 years of average mileage—selling for $23,000.
We’re going to assume—rightly, I think—that all costs (except depreciation) associated with miles 40,500 to 202,500 cost the same whether the Outback has switched owners (i.e., is used) or not. On average, all cars are the same, and their cost of car ownership is the same. This is an important assumption.
Why exclude depreciation? The depreciation of a new car is based on that new car’s price. But for this analysis, I’m going to assume that our used car depreciates from its used price ($23,000) to zero over its remaining life.
By my math, miles 40,500 through 202,500 for this Outback (reminder: it’s an “average” car by this article’s standards) cost $49,500. I simply looked at my total cost per mile chart from above, removed depreciation, and calculated from the beginning of Year 4 to the end of the car’s life.
Next, I need to add the initial cost of the used car: $23,000. The grand total is $72,500.
New vs. Used: The Market Drives Efficiency
What do we get for this $72,500 total price tag? We’ll be able to drive the car for 202,500 – 40,500 = 161,000 more miles. That means the used Subaru will cost $72,500/161,000 = 45.0 cents per mile. That’s exactly the same as what we calculated for a new car!
Granted, each used car has its own story. How do you put a price on a car not smelling like the dog that used to ride in the back seat? Used products come with those kinds of questions. This is similar to the earlier utility discussion.
So, when is a used car smarter than a new car? Today’s estimates provide a good starting point. Many used cars are priced such that the new vs. used argument is 50/50. The cost of car ownership is the same.
The market solves inefficiencies, and prices end up properly balanced. What a great example of Econ 101!
In your next car buying adventure, I recommend scaling today’s average cost per mile data based on the make and model you’re looking at, and then combining that info with the mileage and price tag of a specific used car.
I’d be happy to help if you’re interested.
How Does Leasing Compare to Buying?
If you’re not familiar, a car lease is like a long-term rental. You pay a regular monthly fee, but never actually own the car. You pay for gas and insurance, but not for maintenance and repairs (those are typically covered by the car’s warranty). Lease agreements typically have an annual limit on mileage, too.
Let’s examine an average lease and compare against the cost of car ownership. Since we’ve been using a Subaru Outback as an example of an “average” car, we’ll continue that here.
I found a new Outback that would cost $29,900 new (essentially the same as my $30,000 original analysis) or would cost $372 per month to lease for 36 months. That’s $13,392 of total cost to enable 40,500 miles of driving, or 33.1 cents per mile.
But that doesn’t include fuel (10 cents per mile), insurance (7 cents per mile) or registration fees (0.55 cents per mile). Once we add those expenses, the leased car costs 50.6 cents per mile. That’s 11% higher than the price of driving new or used (45.0 cents per mile).
Pros and Cons of Leasing
But there are some caveats.
If your leased car shows more wear-and-tear than normal (it’s up to the dealer to determine that), you can be charged extra. Similarly, if you go over your mileage limit, you’ll be charged anywhere from 10 to 20 cents per mile. These are two examples of rules that make leasing more restrictive than owning.
Not only is leasing more expensive, but it’s also more restrictive. From a pure personal finance standpoint, is leasing worthwhile? Probably not.
But this brief analysis quantifies the difference for you. If you don’t mind paying a 5 cent per mile premium (roughly $700 per year), leasing has some benefits.
Most significantly, in my opinion, leasing lowers your risk of catastrophic maintenance costs (e.g., reduces exposure to bad luck) and always puts you behind the wheel of a newer car. Some people don’t want to be paying 40 cents per mile for their 13-year old car when they could be paying 50 cents per mile for a brand-new car. I get it!
Should I Sink More Money Into an Old Beater? Or Just Buy a New Car?
Should you make a $1000 repair on a car with 175,000 miles? This question requires a crystal ball to answer. It’s tough. But it’s important if we want a complete understanding of the cost of car ownership.
Thankfully, we have statistics and confidence intervals. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has a trove of excellent data in this department (see the “survivability equation” on page 6 of the document). This data is a bit old, for sure. But it’s still useful.
How do you read this chart? Let’s start with 1000 brand new passenger cars. After 7 years, you’d expect that about 90%—or 900 of them—would still be on the road. After 12 years total, only about 60% would remain on the road.
About 50% remain on the road after 13 years. But earlier, we assumed a 15-year average lifespan! This difference is because this survivability data is ~20 years old. Engineering has improved, and cars are lasting longer.
Using Survivability Data to Address Repairs on Old Cars
Let’s say we are driving a 15-year old car, and our mechanic informs us it needs a new transmission—a $2500 fix, he says. Ouch.
We need a vital piece of information: how much further will this car drive before it ultimately dies?
If we only get 2500 miles out of it, the repair is an easy no—that would be $1.00 per mile for the repair alone. So how much further will the car drive? The survivability data helps us find an answer.
Below is a NHTSA survivability table starting in Year 15. The “Survivability” column shows the raw percentage of cars still on the road at a given age. The “Percent Died” column shows how many cars have died from Year 15 to the given year (e.g. 38.7% of 15-year old cars die before they hit age 17).
Year of Ownership | Survivability | Percent “Died” Since Year 15 |
15 | 33.1% | 0% |
16 | 26.0% | 21.3% |
17 | 20.3% | 38.7% |
18 | 15.7% | 52.7% |
19 | 12.0% | 63.7% |
20 | 9.1% | 72.3% |
About half of all 15-year old cars get another three years of life. That’s a median statistic (not the mean), but I still think it’s good enough to use for our transmission question.
Is the $2500 Transmission Worth It?
Is a $2500 fix worthwhile if we get three more years of life afterward? Assigning our standard 13,500 miles per year, we get 40,500 miles of remaining life. This repair costs $2500/40,500 = 6.2 cents per mile.
We’re already allocating 20.4 cents per mile for maintenance and repairs in a 15-year old car. Surely some of that expense is meant to cover things like this 6.2 cent per mile transmission fix?
But first, for the sake of conservatism, let’s add that 6.2 cents per mile on top of all the other Year 15 costs—which total 43.1 cents per mile from our original analysis. That brings the total cost to 49.2 cents per mile for these last three years of the car’s life. 49.2 cents per mile is greater than the average total cost of a new car—45.0 cents per mile. From this conservative view, the survivability data suggests that a $2500 repair on a 15-year old car is not the smart choice.
Let’s next assume our maintenance and repair expenses do cover this transmission cost. That’s grand! We’re covered by definition, and the repair makes sense.
Middle Ground Analysis
Finally, let’s think about the problem from the middle-ground. How much annual maintenance and repair would one have to make for scrapping the car to make sense?
At Year 15, our car costs 43.1 cents per mile to operate. And we’ve established that the average new car costs 45.0 cents over its lifetime. That gives us a margin of 1.9 cents per mile—that’s how much cheaper the old car is compared to a new car.
We can allocate that margin entirely to maintenance and repairs, bringing the total maintenance and repairs allocation to 20.4 + 1.9 = 22.3 cents per mile. Over 13,500 annual miles, our maximum maintenance and repair allocation is $3010.
If you think your 15-year old car will be surpassing $3010 a year in maintenance and repairs, scrap it. Buying new is smarter.
In summary, the average 15-year old car will survive for another three years. And it makes sense to keep driving that car if maintenance and repair expenses can stay below $9000 total over those three years. A single $2500 transmission fix needs to be graded against that $9000 total.
Headed to the Junkyard: Final Thoughts on Cost of Car Ownership
Time to scrap this article! I hope you walk away with much greater understanding of the cost of car ownership. We covered:
- The total cost of car ownership
- Pricing our utility and “VORC”
- Government mileage reimbursement
- When it makes sense to take a flight
- Comparing used cars against new cars
- Comparing leased cars against new cars
- When to repair an old car
Was this article a Ferrari? Or a Pinto? I think understanding the cost to drive is pretty important. If you have feedback, I’d love to hear it. Drop a comment below before you hit the road.
Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed this article, join 8500+ subscribers who read my 2-minute weekly email, where I send you links to the smartest financial content I find online every week. You can read past newsletters before signing up.
-Jesse
Want to learn more about The Best Interest’s back story? Read here.
Looking for a great personal finance book, podcast, or other recommendation? Check out my favorites.
Was this post worth sharing? Click the buttons below to share!
Great job buddy. I got into a discussion just yesterday with a friend over buying new or used. I broke out the spreadsheets and mathed the whole thing out, extremely surprised to find that my 13 year old car was costing me virtually exactly the same as his new car. I believe the new car was a few percentage points more, but virtually identical once you account for maintenance costs that I have that he didn’t. But that’s at today, in this moment in time.
Of course I replaced everything on my car two years ago – engine, turbo, ac system, transmission – every part related to the car functioning. So in effect, my 13 year old car is actually a 2.5 year old car by your miles per year assumption. Total cost to rebuild the car was the same price I paid to buy it. 4 years in (I track everything) I’m at $10,125 for total cost and the new parts have 30k miles on them. So $0.18 for purchase repair maintenance and insurance, plus your $0.10 for gas (accurate since I need to use premium) comes to $0.28 per mile
So while he and I have paid a similar amount if you amortize the cost on a monthly scale, per mile I’m paying far less. Not sure what the better deal is, but if I get another 8 years out of this car I think I’ll win
Hey Zane, thanks for reading. That’s awesome! Yeah, if you can get you cost-per-mile down in the 20 to 30 cent range, I think that’s optimum. Good for you for keeping that spreadsheet. Data always makes decisions easier!
I was just talking to a co-worker this AM. He was saying that some long-term Tesla ownership data is starting to come out, and the cost-per-mile there is extremely low due to the combination of low “fuel” costs and very low maintenance (few moving parts). It’ll be interesting to keep an eye out as more of that data becomes available.
Personally, I’m still driving my 2012 Rav4, the only car I’ve ever owned. And it has cost me just about exactly average…47 cents per mile up to this point at 103K total miles. I’m hoping to squeeze another 100K out of it and (hopefully) push that average cost down into the lowers 40s.
Best,
Jesse
This is pretty wild and I’m going to go out on a limb here and say this is more analysis than people typically take in their car buying/repairing/leasing decision. Great article and I can’t wait for the first car salesman to say “see, Jesse says buying new is the same price!”
You’re wayyyy out on that limb 🙂
I hope this article helps some people in the future with the whole new/used/lease question. And I’ll tell you what…the lease costs surprised me with how low they are. It’s not *that* bad of a deal!
Hi Jesse,
Great article. Do you have any details of the true cost of owning an electric vehicle? Much different variables to consider there. Also, what about folks who finance cars as opposed to leasing them. How does that impact the total cost?
Hey Janessa! You have the same mindset as quite a few other readers…that’s a very popular question, glad you asked it.
I have a couple different answers.
First, there’s the AAA cost data for various sized cars. They also include electric vehicles. And they say electric vehicles are about the same cost as a mid-sized sedan–about average.
Second, I was just talking to a co-worker about this yesterday. He was saying that some long-term Tesla ownership data is starting to come out, and the cost-per-mile (after initial cost of the car) is extremely low due to the combination of low “fuel” costs and very low maintenance (few moving parts). It’ll be interesting to keep an eye out as more of that data becomes available.
So once electric cars are equivalently priced up front, they’ll easily become the best value all-arond.
Hi Janessa – just wanted to let you know that I update the article including a Tesla Model 3…hope that helps you out!
This article gives a good information, now i got details about car ownership.
That was a long, deep ride on car ownership costs! Great job, Jesse!
I barely hit the tip of the iceberg on a recent post about living below your means; this really goes whole hog on car costs. Great resource.
As someone else mentioned, it’ll be interesting to see how electric vehicles change the underlying data once there’s a large sample size and longer time horizon.
Cheers!
Hey Chris! Thanks for joining the caravan!
Yeah, I need to come back and update for electric vehicles…it is going to be useful info for people making a car-buying decision in the next couple years
Jesse – Thank you for all the data and analysis of the vehicle ownership lifecycle (new,used,lease/buy, etc.). It is extremely helpful for everyone! One category that also should be factored in the vehicle purchase process is financing costs. Most people do not pay cash for the full purchase price (especially on new vehicles). Generally, when you factor financing cost on new cars vs. used cars, the per mile cost will always be higher for a new car. People really get into financial trouble buying more expensive vehicles than they can afford. The combination of depreciation and financing costs in the early years (0 – 6) of a new car purchase, make buying new almost always more expensive. Your article helps people determine how to quantify ‘buy what you need’. However, our culture and the auto industry marketing machine are always promoting ‘lifestyle and self image’. As you you help point out in the utility (VORC), vehicles are tools or assets, to accomplish tasks or goals.
Thanks!
Hi Ed – great point. I’ll add that onto the to-do list…maybe as a “choose your own adventure” style add-on. For a few different loan durations and loan interest rates, it’s straightforward to calculate the addtional cost over the first few years.
Great idea! And thanks for reading 🙂
Hey Ed! I added a chart for you. Let me know what you think!
PS – I saw you subscribed via WordPress…which is great! But I’d recommend subscribing via my mailing list. I send out a newsletter with updates to old articles, other stuff I’ve written around the web, and new podcast episode. Here’s the link: https://bestinterest.blog/subscribe/
Thanks Jesse – Great idea. Excellent article.
I also subscribed to the blog.
Thanks again,
Ed
Thanks Ed! happy to have you aboard!
-Jesse
Thank you very much for presenting this data about cost of car ownership, it’s known how to get approved but what are the next steps after getting the approval… Wonderful information, thanks a lot for sharing kind of content with us… great post!
Nice article and thank you for this valuable information
Great great article. So if I’m doing the math right – an electric vehicle like a Tesla costs 27% more initially ($38k vs $30k) but costs 18% less per mile (37 vs 45) so I would take that to mean that as long as your electric vehicle costs less than $46.2k you’re still doing better than a $30k gas car over the life of the car. Sounds like a great reason to trade in my Forester for a Model Y with the new solar panels I just put on my roof!
Hey Adam. Thanks for reading and writing in.
In my math, I have amortized the initial cost over the life of the car. So the 37 cents per mile stat already includes the more expensive stick price.
To do the analysis the way you’re thinking, use these stats:
After the purchase price is removed, a typical gas car costs 30 cents per mile to operate.
…for an electric car, it’s about 17 cents per mile to operate.
Or in other words:
An average gas car’s sticker price is 15 cents per mile over the life of the car ($30K/200K miles)
An Tesla Model 3’s sticker price is 20 cents per mile over the life of the car ($40K/200K miles)
Does that help?
Best,
Jesse
Jesse, I still have my 2001 RAV4 and it runs great. 240k miles on it. It’s ugly. The paint has no finish on it, the interior is just now starting to look bad, but my guy at Midas says it’ll go 400k miles if you just change the oil. Yes, I have a nice car too, but I love this old thing. It embarrasses my husband though!
Amy that sounds awesome!
I’ve got an 2012 Ravvie with 112K, still going strong.
I think your Rav sounds amazing. Keep going, keep going!
I’m sure the smart savings makes both you and your husband happy.
Thanks for reading and writing in!
Best,
Jesse
Very informative thanks for all your time and effort!
You’re 100% welcome. Thanks so much for reading!
-Jesse
A great article.
Are you able to compare costs with different driving amounts? Kind of like you did for different priced cars?
Day driving 6750 miles, 13500 miles, or 20250 miles. I find that after retiring we drive a lot less. However if we drop to one car, we might drive that car more.
Time based costs would be easy to adjust.
But what is impact on depreciation, maintenance, and lifespan of the car?
Hey Stephen. You’re totally right. That would be a useful section to add to the post.
Off the top of my head, I could tell you that more driving makes your cost-per-mile decrease, but your car would die sooner and you’d pay more overall. Makes sense. More driving = more costs (even if it’s more efficient on a per mile basis)
e.g. instead of paying $90K over 15 years, perhaps you’d pay $85K over 10 years.
Driving less has the opposite effect. Perhaps you’d pay $100K total but over 20+ years.
Thanks for writing in!
-Jesse
Jesse, what a great article. I wish I had read this when I was out of college 6 years ago! I’ve subscribed to your blog.
It sounds like you appreciate data — I wanted to share with you how I calculated depreciation curves for specific makes/models because they vary a lot! TLDR: Asian cars have gentler depreciation curve vs European or American cars.
1. If you’re comparing between two makes / models (e.g. a 2021 Camry vs. 2021 Impala), and are considering buying new, look up previous year’s cost at different mileages in Cargurus
(e.g. if you’d consider selling your car in 5 years, look up what a 2007 Camry costs, and find models that have about ~50/60/70/80K miles on them). From there you can plot a chart of Miles Driven vs. Cost.
2. Repeat this process for 2008 and 2009 models, and for the other model (2007 Impala).
You’ll be able to see how mileage and, model year, affects the rate of depreciation.
Cheers!
That’s awesome Jonathan! Great tip. I really appreciate you writing in to share that, I bet it’ll help out readers here in the future.
And thanks for subscribing!
-Jesse
I am living in Sydney, Aus. currently in the market for a brand new or second hand pick up truck. This article caught my attention but was wondering as to how this can be implemented in the current Australian car buying environment where since post COVID the used car market has gone through the roof!
Your thoughts and suggestions would be appreciated.
Regards,
Tapan
Hi Tapan,
I am FAR from an expert here, especially when it comes to the Aussie marketplace. But I appreciate you writing in with your question 🙂
I’m not sure the best way to help you. Are there any websites/podcasts/call-in radio shows etc. that specialize in either Aussie finances OR Aussie cars?
-Jesse
Awesome article. I love the chart mapping cost per mile over time– What about doing this instead with the x axis being #of miles on the car? mileage is the bigger factor on depreciation and wear and tear. As I make a choice whether to fly or drive, I’m choosing whether to depreciate my car more or less. If I choose to drive, that moves me further to the right on the x-axis, which changes my costs for the future. The current chart assumes cost changes only on time and not mileage, or regardless of my choice today rather to fly or drive…
The x axis assumes 13,500 mi per year, so if you like you can re-imagine the x axis to be 27,000 mi at x=2, 54,000 mi at x=4, and so on so forth. The only minor inaccuracy this brings about is you’d have to refactor for registration fees, but at ~1% of total cost per mile you can probably neglect to refactor those fees. You’ll have to pay registration fees anyhow; if you drive more than 13,500 mi per year you’ll save a very small bit in registration fees and if you drive less than 13,500 mi per year you’ll need to pay a very small bit more in registration fees.
For what it’s worth…there’s also the fact that some maintenance costs are time-based (eg rust-related fixes) whereas others are miles-based (e.g. tires)
Decoupling those two factors is hard.
To follow up on my last comment, I think what I really want in order to make my decision is the marginal cost of each mile at whatever point I am in the car’s curve. for example registration (& probably insurance) costs don’t go up if I choose to drive instead of fly, and it’s calculated into this per mile cost, but it’s a sunk cost and should be ignored in my decision making.
Hi Gregory, thanks a bunch for writing in. Great idea.
One of the first assumptions in the article is that the average driver drives about 13,500 miles per year.
So if you’d like, reimagine the x-axes of the plots in that way.
Year 1 = 13500
Year 2 = 27000
Year 3 = 40500
etc, etc
Wouldn’t the operating cost of around 30 cents/mile you cited elsewhere be a better metric for deciding on flying vs road trip?
So instead of saying annual cost is something like y=0.45x, it’s more like y=2000+0.3x. Over an average amount of driving both will get you the correct cost, but for determining marginal cost you just want the slope right?
Hey there. I get what you’re saying, and yeah, that makes a lot of sense to me.
You’re exactly right. Some costs are fixed annually, some are simply a function of mileage. For what it’s worth, I think the fixed annual costs are reasonably minimal compared to the per mile costs.
But your point stands. A really good point.
Thanks for writing in,
Jesse
My brain is not working right now on the depreciaiton. Are you saying people are actually spending that $91k on a $30k car over 15 years. Yes cars depreciate, but that’s not extra out of pocket cost after the purchase price. What am i missing here? Im positive you are right, i just cant work this in my head how depreciation is factoring in when it comes to what a person pays to keep a car running
Hey Brian! You’re correct – depreciation is not an extra out of pocket cost.
What I’m saying is that a typical car owner will pay $30,000 up front, and then an additional $61,000 over the next 15 years.
That brings the total to $91,000.
In order to calculate the cost-per-mile, I needed to amortize depreciation over the life of the car.
The used car industry does this all the time [New Price – Used Price = Depreciation].
It’s not an out of pocket cost, but we realize on-going depreciation via our resale value constantly decreasing.
Does that help?
Thanks a TON for reading!!! Really appreciate your feedback
-Jesse
I’d love to see an edit of this article that accounts for the time-value-of-money. The stock market averages about 7% per year, so costs at the present are “more costly” than costs later on in time. Since a new car costs more to start out with but less later on, it would probably end up being more costly accounting for time-value-of-money, but I think a serious analysis is still in order.
I see what you’re saying, Bob.
Basically, take all the future costs of ownership and discount them into present dollars (PV).
Hence, you could find the PV of car ownership.
I just tried it real quick using a 7% discount, the data from the article, and Google sheets.
Results here:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1LJ13O5EeRsZerIzNEFw-nEGthdKfhTe450hoc3UK3W4/edit?usp=sharing
PV of the car is about $63K, much less than the total life cost of ~$90K I find in the article.
This blog has a lot of information
The make and model of car you buy plays a role in how much it costs over the lifecycle of ownership. Vehicles that hold their money well can be sold for more. It is a reasonable way to reduce the overall cost of driving.
There are also additional taxes and inspection check costs which vary quite considerably depending on the car and jurisdiction
This is a very thorough breakdown! I was hoping you’d touch on DIY repairs, but I recognize you’ve already sunk a ton of work into this.
I made a spreadsheet like this for my own car a few years ago (bought used for $5K, drove 225K over 12 years) and got to $0.22/mile for purchase price (assumed 100% depreciation), fuel, insurance/registration, every maintenance/repair I could think of. One thing that surely helped was doing all my own maintenance and repairs. No out of pocket labor cost, tools/equipment/space are mostly a sunk cost, and parts are typically discounted from mechanics’ retail prices. I can hear readers scoffing, so I’m happy to admit a DIY auto lifestyle is not available to everyone for a lot of reasons, nor would I blindly recommend it.
I’ve since rebuilt the engine, and then circumstances changed and I started doing a lot less of my own work, so that cost has probably gone up a bit.
Hey there DIY – thanks for the kind words.
Yeah, I definitely agree with you that DIY repairs *should* save you significant money on maintenance labor, and even money on the parts themselves (no upcharge for margins)
Similarly, buying the *right* used car is a huge win. Used cars add a lot of variance to the data, with the *right* used cars being an incredible deal.
Your $0.22/mile seems totally feasible and a terrific deal!